Micromorphological and hardness analyses of human and bovine sclerotic dentin: a comparative study.

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that both human and bovine sclerotic dentin have similar hardness properties, in addition to similar micromorphological characteristics. Sixteen teeth (8 human and 8 bovine) exhibiting exposed dentin in the incisal edge and showing characteristics typical of sclerosis were used. Vickers surface microhardness testing was conducted. Three areas of the dentin surface of each specimen were selected. All teeth were processed for scanning electron microscopy in order to estimate the amount (in percentage) of solid dentin on the sclerotic dentin surface. The data were compared by Student's t test (α = 0.05). The micromorphological and microhardness data were compared by Pearson's linear correlation test (α = 0.05). The mean percentages of solid dentin of human and bovine sclerotic dentin were similar (human 90.71 ± 0.83 and bovine 89.08 ± 0.81, p = 0.18). The mean microhardness value (VHN) of human sclerotic dentin was significantly higher than that of bovine sclerotic dentin (human 45.26 ± 2.92 and bovine 29.93 ± 3.83, p = 0.006). No correlation was found between the microhardness values and the amount of solid dentin in the sclerotic dentin, irrespective of the species considered (human R² = 0.0240, p = 0.714; bovine R² = 0.0017, p = 0.923; and combined R² = 0.038, p = 0.46). We concluded that although both bovine and human sclerotic dentin present a similar amount of solid tissue, human sclerotic dentin presents higher microhardness than bovine sclerotic dentin.

Micromorphological and hardness analyses of human and bovine sclerotic dentin: a comparative study

The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that both human and bovine sclerotic dentin have similar hardness properties, in addition to similar micromorphological characteristics. Sixteen teeth (8 human and 8 bovine) exhibiting exposed dentin in the incisal edge and showing characteristics typical of sclerosis were used. Vickers surface microhardness testing was conducted. Three areas of the dentin surface of each specimen were selected. All teeth were processed for scanning electron microscopy in order to estimate the amount (in percentage) of solid dentin on the sclerotic dentin surface. The data were compared by Student's t test (α = 0.05). The micromorphological and microhardness data were compared by Pearson's linear correlation test (α = 0.05). The mean percentages of solid dentin of human and bovine sclerotic dentin were similar (human 90.71 ± 0.83 and bovine 89.08 ± 0.81, p = 0.18). The mean microhardness value (VHN) of human sclerotic dentin was significantly higher than that of bovine sclerotic dentin (human 45.26 ± 2.92 and bovine 29.93 ± 3.83, p = 0.006). No correlation was found between the microhardness values and the amount of solid dentin in the sclerotic dentin, irrespective of the species considered (human R² = 0.0240, p = 0.714; bovine R² = 0.0017, p = 0.923; and combined R² = 0.038, p = 0.46). We concluded that although both bovine and human sclerotic dentin present a similar amount of solid tissue, human sclerotic dentin presents higher microhardness than bovine sclerotic dentin.

Influence of blood contamination on bond strength of a self-etching adhesive to dental tissues.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to detect the influence of (1) storage period of heparinized blood, (2) type of blood and presence of contaminant, (3) application mode of cleansing agents, and (4) efficacy of cleansing agents on contaminated enamel and dentin during the adhesion process of a one-step adhesive system. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred four human molars were sectioned into halves along the long axis for enamel and dentin tests. Heparinized and fresh blood were obtained from the same donor, applied and dried to maintain a layer of dry blood on the top of samples. The cleansing agents used were hydrogen peroxide, anionic detergent, and antiseptic solution. A one-step adhesive system (Clearfil S3 Bond) was applied on the dental surface, and composite resin cylinders were built up using Tygon tubing molds. After 24 h, the µSBS test (1 mm/min) and fracture analysis were performed. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference in bond strength values regarding the storage period of heparinized blood and the types of blood. Groups without contamination presented higher bond strengths than contaminated groups. The application mode of the cleansing agents had no influence on bond strength results. There was no statistically significant difference among cleansing agents and they were as effective as a water stream in counteracting the effect of blood contamination. CONCLUSION: Heparinized blood can be used as a contaminant for up to one week, and it is a reliable procedure to standardize the contaminant. The cleansing agents can be used without friction. A water stream is sufficient to remove blood contamination from dental tissues, before the application of a one-step adhesive system.

Influence of the coloring agent concentration on bleaching gel and pulp chamber temperatures during dental bleaching.

This study evaluated the influence of the coloring agent concentration on the temperature of the gel layer and pulp chamber during dental bleaching with an LED/laser light source. Ten human incisors and a digital thermometer with K-type thermocouples were used. Using a high-speed spherical diamond bur, endodontic access was gained through openings on the lingual faces until pulp chamber was exposed. One end of the thermocouple was placed on the labial surface (immersed in bleaching gel) and the other end in the pulp chamber. The same 10 specimens were used in the 12 groups, according to the type and concentration of bleaching gel. Each bleaching gel was used in four different concentrations: manipulated without coloring, with normal quantity recommended by the manufacturer, with double the recommended amount of coloring, and with triple the recommended amount of coloring. The temperature rise was measured every 30 seconds for three minutes with a K-type thermocouple. The data were analyzed by ANOVA to examine the concentration and type of bleaching gel. This test was followed by Tukey's test, which was performed independently for the gel at the labial surface and the pulp chamber (a = 5%). For both surfaces, values of p = 0.00 were obtained for all factors and for the interaction between them. The varying concentrations of coloring agent produced statistically significant differences in terms of temperature increase for both the gel layer and the pulp chamber during activation.

Estudo comparativo in vitro das estruturas orgânicas e inorgânicas da dentina saudável e esclerosada humana e bovina: nanodureza, concentração de Ca e P e análise morfológica / In vitro comparative study of organic and inorganic components analysis of health and sclerotic human and bovine dentin: nanohardness, Ca and P concentration and morphological analysis

A dentina esclerosada é um substrato comumente encontrado em pacientes idosos. No entanto, existem poucos estudos comparativos entre dentina humana e bovina esclerosadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os componentes inorgânicos e orgânicos da dentina saudável e esclerosada humana e bovina, através de cinco parâmetros: nanodureza, módulo de elasticidade, análise quantitativa da concentração de Cálcio (Ca) e Fósforo (P), densidade tubular e morfologia do colágeno. Trinta dentes humanos e 30 bovinos foram distribuídos em 4 grupos experimentais (n=15 por grupo): dentina humana saudável (DHS), esclerosada humana (DEH), bovina saudável (DBS), e bovina esclerosada (DBE). Os dentes saudáveis foram preparados na mesma altura e inclinação dos dentes esclerosados expondo níveis similares da dentina e obtendo fragmentos com 2mm de espessura. Foram realizadas 3 medições por espécime em 3 áreas pré determinadas de dentina intertubular com a utilização do Nanoindentador (carga de 500N por 5 s). Cinco espécimes de cada grupo foram preparados para Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Com o auxílio da Energia Dispersiva por Raios-X EDX foram obtidos os valores (em percentagem) das concentrações de Ca e P e calculada a relação Ca:P. A contagem dos túbulos por área foi realizada em todas as eletromicrografias. Após descalcificação e preparo, o restante dos espécimes foi analisado em Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão (MET)...

The sclerotic dentin has been commonly found in elderly patients. However, there are scarce reports in the literature comparing on the use of human and bovine sclerotic dentins. The objective of this study was to compare inorganic and organic components of healthy and sclerotic dentins from human and bovine. Five parameters were analyzed: nanohardness, elastic modulus, quantitative analysis of Calcium (Ca) and Phosphorous (P) concentrations, tubular density and ultrastructural morphology. Thirty human teeth plus 30 bovine teeth were distributed in 4 experimental groups (n=15 per group): human healthy dentin (HHD), human sclerotic dentin (HSD), bovine healthy dentin (BHD) and bovine sclerotic dentin (BSD). Healthy teeth were cut in the same level and inclination of the sclerotic superficial dentins. The nanohardness and elastic modulus (GPa) of three pre determined areas of each exposed dentin was measured using a nanoindenter (500N for 5s). Five samples of each group were prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM) examination. Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) was used for obtaining the Ca/P ratio. The tubular density was obtained by counting the tubules in scanning electron micrographs taken in the same magnification and work distance...

Influence of gel color on in vitro surface and intrapulpal temperature rise during blue light-activated tooth bleaching.

This study evaluated the null hypothesis that the color of a bleaching gel has no effect on temperature because it absorbs the light used during photocuring. This study used 10 maxillary central incisors (offering endodontic access) and a digital thermometer with thermocouples. One end of the thermocouple was placed on the labial surface (immersed in bleaching gel); the other end was placed in the pulp chamber. The bleaching materials each offered two color options: blue and red. The bleaching agents were activated with a LED hybrid blue light photocuring unit and a low intensity diode laser. Based on the blue light-activated bleaching, it was determined that the red gel produced significantly higher temperature increases than the blue gel. No significant differences were found between the two brands of gel tested.

Avaliação in vitro da microdureza de dentina bovina normal e esclerosada / In vitro evaluation of the microhardness of normal and sclerotic bovine dentin

Introdução: A literatura mostra características diferentes entre a dentina normal e a esclerosada. A dureza é uma das propriedades bastante utilizadas para comparar tanto os materiais restauradores como os tecidos biológicos. Objetivo: Comparar as características clínicas de dureza entre a dentina bovina normal e a esclerosada, por meio do teste de microdureza. Material e métodos: Foram utilizados 20 dentes bovinos divididos em dois grupos: GI (íntegros) e GII (com características de esclerose). Os dentes foram incluídos em resina acrílica com os bordos incisais expostos e paralelos ao plano oclusal. Os espécimes receberam acabamento e polimento e ficaram armazenados em água destilada em temperatura ambiente por 7 dias. Para o teste de microdureza foi utilizado o endentador Vickers com carga de 50 gf durante 45 s. Selecionaram-se três áreas para cada espécime, e em cada área foram realizadas cinco endentações, totalizando 15 leituras por espécime. Resultados: Os dados foram registrados e submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste t (Student), com nível de significância de 5%. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as médias de microdureza dos dois grupos estudados (GI: 36,82±9,45; GII: 32,4±12,2) (p = 0,383). Conclusão: A dentina bovina normal mostrou valores de microdureza Vickers semelhantes aos da dentina bovina esclerosada.

Introduction: The literature shows different characteristics between normal and sclerotic dentin. Hardness is a property that has been very used to compare restorative materials and biological tissues. Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the hardness clinical characteristics between the normal and the sclerotic bovine dentin, through the microhardness test. Material and methods: 20 bovine teeth were divided in two groups: GI (normal) and GII (with characteristics of sclerosis). The teeth were mounted in acrylic resin cylinders with exposure of dentin along the incisal edges. The specimens received finishing and polishing following by storage in distilled water at ambient temperature for 7 days. Microhardness measurements were made using a Vickers indenter microhardness tester under a load of 50 gf for 45 s. In this study 3 areas per specimen were selected and each area received 5 indentations, resulting in 15 indentations per specimen. Results: The data were statistically processed using the Student's t-test. The level of significance was 5%. The results showed no significant differences between the mean values of the two groups (GI: 36.82±9.45; GII:32.4±12.2) (p = 0.383). Conclusion: The normal bovine dentin presented similar microhardness Vickers values to the sclerotic bovine dentin.

Reattachment of rehydrated dental fragment using two techniques.

UNLABELLED: The reattachment of dental fragments is a conservative treatment and should be considered in the restoration of anterior tooth fractures. This study compared the fracture strength of dehydrated and rehydrated tooth fragments submitted to two different bonding techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty human central and lateral mandibular incisors were divided into six groups and sectioned 3 mm from the incisal edge, using a diamond disk. Two reattachment techniques were applied: (a) bonding, using the Single Bond adhesive system and FiltekZ250 composite resin, followed by placement of a chamfer on the fracture line that was filled with composite resin (Groups 1, 3 and 5); and (b) use of the same bonding technique after dentin removal from the tooth fragment (Groups 2, 4 and 6). The following hydration treatments were applied to the fragments before bonding: (a) 48-h hydration (Groups 1 and 2); (b) 48-h dehydration (Groups 3 and 4); (c) 48-h dehydration followed by rehydration 30 min before bonding (Groups 5 and 6). The reattached teeth were mounted in acrylic resin cylinders and stored in distilled water for 24 h. The specimens were fractured at a speed of 1 mm min(-1) in a universal testing machine. RESULTS: The following mean fracture strengths (kgf) were recorded: (G1) 12.9 +/- 0.6; (G2) 18.8 +/- 4.8; (G3) 7.3 +/- 1.5; (G4) 15.2 +/- 2.4; (G5) 13.4 +/- 2.2; and (G6) 17.1 +/- 3.2. Analyses using two-way anova and the Tukey test (P < 0.01) revealed significant differences between the restorative techniques and the hydration treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The bonding technique that incorporated dentin removal from the fragment before bonding showed greater fracture strength across all groups. Fragment dehydration for 48 h caused a reduction in fracture strength, which was recovered by a 30-min rehydration.

Roughness of human enamel surface submitted to different prophylaxis methods.

The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate alterations in the surface roughness and micromorphology of human enamel submitted to three prophylaxis methods. Sixty-nine caries-free molars with exposed labial surfaces were divided into three groups. Group I was treated with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and a mixture of water and pumice; group II with a rotary instrument set at a low speed, rubber cup and prophylaxis paste Herjos-F (Vigodent S/A Indústria e Comércio, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil); and group III with sodium bicarbonate spray Profi II Ceramic (Dabi Atlante Indústrias Médico Odontológicas Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil). All procedures were performed by the same operator for 10 s, and samples were rinsed and stored in distilled water Pre and post-treatment surface evaluation was completed using a surface profilometer (Perthometer S8P, Marh, Perthen, Germany) in 54 samples. In addition, the other samples were coated with gold and examined in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results of this study were statistically analyzed with the paired t-test (Student), the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Dunn (5%) test. The sodium bicarbonate spray led to significantly rougher surfaces than the pumice paste. The use of prophylaxis paste showed no statistically significant difference when compared with the other methods. Based on SEM analysis, the sodium bicarbonate spray presented an irregular surface with granular material and erosions. Based on this study, it can be concluded that there was an increased enamel surface roughness when teeth were treated with sodium bicarbonate spray when compared with teeth treated with pumice paste.

Estágio atual e perspectivas dos sistemas de união / Current adhesive systems and perspectives

O tratamento restaurador com a preservação de estrutura dental está fundamentado na utilização dos sistemas adesivos. Entretanto, a adesão à dentina tem sido um grande desafio para os pesquisadores, por ser um substrato heterogêneo. Atualmente, existe no mercado uma infinidade de marcas comerciais de sistemas adesivos com diferentes composições, métodos de aplicação e número de passos clínicos. Muitas vezes são lançados e retirados rapidamente do mercado, não havendo tempo para uma adequada avaliação clínica. Todos, de uma forma geral, têm como objetivo reduzir o número de passos operatórios e a sensibilidade da técnica adesiva e por sua vez, a microinfiltração. Diante desse questionamento, esta revisão teve como objetivo abordar o estágio atual em que se encontram os sistemas adesivos e quais as perspectivas futuras.

The establishment of adhesion of restorative materials has been replaced by tooth-conserving adhesive methods. However, dentin bonding is still a challenge, due to the great variation of dentin. Nowadays, there is an amount of adhesives systems, depending on how the steps are accomplished or simplified. There is a trend to move away from multicomponents bonding systems toward simplified; which reduces not only the clinical application time but also the sensitivity of the technique. In spite of this, the micromechanical bonding mechanism offered by the current adhesives must be analyzed under different aspects, in order to decrease a nanoleakage. Therefore, the aim of this review is approach the most recent concepts in adhesive systems and perspectives for the future.

Contatos oclusais em balanceio em indivíduos jovens: funcionais? / Balancing side occlusal contacts in young people: are they functional?

Um importante fator no estudo da oclusão diz respeito à correta detecção da presença de contatos oclusais no lado de balanceio, sua intensidade e localização. O presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ocorrência de contatos em balanceio em 30 indivíduos jovens, durante o ato mastigatório, utilizando como material de registro uma mistura de verniz cavitário e pó de fosfato de zinco. Vinte e três jovens ou 76.67% dos participantes apresentaram contatos no lado de balanceio bilateralmente, normais ou interferentes. Considerando-se apenas os contatos considerados normais, que não excederam a intensidade dos contatos no lado de trabalho, 50% dos participantes apresentaram contatos bilaterais, 6.67% apresentaram contatos unilaterais no lado direito e 20% apresentaram contatos unilaterais no lado esquerdo. A metodologia funcional empregada na detecção de contatos em balanceio evidenciou sua presença de maneira clara e precisa, comparativamente ao método que emprega papel carbono articular. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que contatos oclusais no lado de balanceio em indivíduos jovens são um achado funcional freqüente.

An important factor in occlusion study is related to the correct balancing-side contacts detection, its intensity and location. This study intended to evaluate balancing-side contacts occurrence in 30 young people, during mastication, using a mixture of varnish and zinc cement powder. Twenty-three young people or 76.67% of the participants showed bilateral balancingside contacts, normal or interferent. Considering only the normal contacts, it means, the ones which did not exceed working-side contacts intensity, 50% of the participants showed bilateral contacts, 6.67% showed unilateral contacts on the right side and 20% showed unilateral contacts on the left side. The functional methodology used in balancing-side contact detection denoted its presence clearly and accurately, comparatively to the carbon paper method. The results allowed us to conclude that balancing-side contacts in young people are a frequent finding.

Resistência à flexão de pinos de fibra de carbono, fibra de vidro, aço e titânio / Flexural resistance of prefabricated posts carbon fiber, glass fiber, stainless steel and titanium

Os pinos pré-fabricados têm sido freqüentemente indicados em restaurações de dentes tratados endodonticamente, principalmente pela rapidez de aplicação e preservação da estrutura dental. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência à flexão de quatro tipos de pinos pré-fabricados, frente a uma força de compressão aplicada perpendicularmente ao seu longo eixo, na sua porção coronária. Quarenta raízes de caninos tratados endodonticamente e com seus condutos preparados para receber retentores foram divididas em quatro grupos: Grupo I, pinos de fibra de carbono (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil); Grupo II, pinos de fibra de vidro (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil); Grupo III, pinos de aço inoxidável (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil); Grupo IV, pinos de titânio (Euro Post, Anthogyr, França). Os retentores foram cimentados com cimento resinoso (Enforce IV, Dentsply, Petrópolis, RJ, Brasil) e suas porções coronárias foram confeccionadas em resina composta fotoativa (Charisma, Heraeus Kulzer, Hanau, Alemanha). Após 24 horas de armazenamento em solução salina, os corpos de prova foram submetidos à carga compressiva numa Máquina Universal de Testes (Riehle), a uma velocidade de 0,5 mm/min até o dobramento dos retentores. As cargas máximas suportadas até o início do dobramento dos retentores foram registradas. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste estatístico de análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey (alfa = 0,05). Houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes com relação à resistência flexural entre os pinos de fibra vidro (21,96 + - 3,67) e titânio (38,95 + - 8,63) e entre os pinos de aço (46,48 + - 12,31) em relação aos de fibra de carbono (30,99 + - 6,61) e fibra de vidro (21,96 + - 3,67). Os pinos de aço e titânio apresentaram os melhores resultados, seguidos dos carbonos de fibra de carbono e fibra de vidro.